Have you ever wanted to disagree with someone’s argument, but you couldn’t find any flaw in it? It’s possible you were facing a sound argument. An argument is a series of statements that try to prove a point. The statement that the arguer tries to prove is called the conclusion…

Confirmation bias is a tendency to consider information that confirms what you already believe and that doesn’t challenge it. The American Psychological Association defines it this way: “the tendency to gather evidence that confirms preexisting expectations, typically by emphasizing or pursuing supporting evidence while dismissing or failing to seek contradictory…

Do you ever listen to someone’s argument and think that it makes sense, and all the ideas are connected, but you don’t know why? Well-crafted arguments need to have certain ingredients, and those ingredients in an argument make sense to us. Sometimes that “makes sense” feeling is a recognition that…

As a kid, I had a reputation for being a math whiz. Whatever problem the teacher put on the blackboard, I already knew how to solve it. I aced Geometry, Algebra 1, Algebra 2, and Trigonometry; math just seemed to come naturally to me. Then, I hit Precalculus. For the…

Did you ever have a conversation with your parents like this: Parent: “It’s time to go to bed.” Child: “Why?” Parent: “Because this is your bedtime.” At the time, you might have felt unsatisfied with their response, but you didn’t know how to argue against them. Knowledge is power, and…

Do you ever feel like someone’s argument is wrong, but you can’t say exactly why? Maybe you don’t know how to formulate counter-arguments. Maybe you can’t tell the difference between a strong argument and a weak argument, or a bad argument and a good argument. …

Suppose your plane crashed in the middle of nowhere with you and a dozen other survivors. You have three options: Everyone leaves the crash site to look for food and help. Half of the group leaves the crash site to look for food and help, while the other half stays…

Sometimes people think something is a design flaw, but it’s really a design feature. Let’s pretend that you are new to Gmail. As a new user, you find yourself complaining about the five-second delay in sending email messages and you call it a bug-a flaw in the software. However, after…

Suppose I ask you to multiply two large numbers-say 12,653 and 65,321. How would you get the correct answer? You’d probably use a calculator or the good old multiplication algorithm you learned as a kid. …